Orthostatic and Standing Hypertension and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

BACKGROUND

Orthostatic hypertension is an emerging risk factor for adverse events. Recent consensus statements combine an increase in blood pressure upon standing with standing hypertension, but whether these 2 components have similar risk associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unknown.

METHODS

The ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) measured supine and standing blood pressure during visit 1 (1987-1989). We defined systolic orthostatic increase (a rise in systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥20 mm Hg, standing minus supine blood pressure) and elevated standing SBP (standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg) to examine the new consensus statement definition (rise in SBP ≥20 mm Hg and standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg). We used Cox regression to examine associations with incident coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, fatal coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

Of 11 369 participants (56% female; 25% Black adults; mean age, 54 years) without CVD at baseline, 1.8% had systolic orthostatic increases, 20.1% had standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg, and 1.3% had systolic orthostatic increases with standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg. During up to 30 years of follow-up, orthostatic increases were not significantly associated with any of the adverse outcomes of interest, while standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg was significantly associated with all end points. In joint models comparing systolic orthostatic increases and standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg, standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg was significantly associated with a higher risk of CVD, and associations differed significantly from systolic orthostatic increases.

CONCLUSIONS

Unlike systolic orthostatic increases, standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg was strongly associated with CVD outcomes and death. These differences in CVD risk raise important concerns about combining systolic orthostatic increases and standing SBP ≥140 mm Hg in a consensus definition for orthostatic hypertension.